Méthodologie de surveillance épidémiologique

First, keep in mind that the work you are about to start aims at the set up of a long-term surveillance program that will require constant efforts, team coordination and dedicated time.

Different countries with Different objectives:

Case of countries already aware of the presence of ciguatera locally, and willing to start an epidemiological surveillance to assess the extent of the phenomenon (number of cases, severity of symptoms), and identify the areas and marine organisms at risk of ciguatera. For those countries which will start from scratch, this tutorial will provide step-by-step support in building a tailored surveillance network

Case of countries not yet affected by ciguatera incidents, but willing to anticipate on the potential emergence of ciguatera risk in their waters, especially in a context of climate change and changing marine environments.This tutorial will provide useful advices on how to get prepared and acquire the capacity to implement a surveillance program

Case of countries that currently manage a ciguatera surveillance program, but which needs to be improved, for example by including mapping capacities using Information Technology (IT) Tools. This tutorial will help identify areas for improvement.

The first step consists in DRAWING AN OVERALL PICTURE ABOUT THE CURRENT CP STATUS in your country: Are there any official reports of CP cases and/or hospitalized cases, reports of fatal poisoning incidents attributable to CP, data about fish species and fishing areas at risk of ciguatera, etc. ?

Suggested approach :

1. Conduct a bibliographic review: by searching for any information related to CP poisoning events in scientific publications, public health or fisheries annual reports, hospital archives, local newspapers, social media (e.g. Fishing lovers Facebook group), etc.

Do not hesitate to perform interviews with retired doctors, nurses, fishermen, or traditional healers, as necessary, for example through a national survey.

2. Sort and retain the most relevant information

3. Compile the data in a synthetic document: by drafting a clear and succinct document that can be easily understood by a non scientific/medical staff. This document must highlight the need to monitor the risk of ciguatera, either because it already represents a public health problem, which deserves to be better characterized, or because it represents an emerging threat in the context of climate change.

4. Share this document with any potential collaborative partners: for example by planning workshops or round table discussions to discuss CP monitoring activities and potential partnerships.

The previous step will help identify entities/agencies/teams best suited as potential collaborative partners

Practically speaking, CP surveillance can be managed by a single entity, or can involve a network of collaborative partners, including:

• Health Ministry/ Public Health Directorate

• Public Health physicians or from the private sector

• Hospital staff

• Research laboratories or Universities

• Environmental/Fisheries agencies

• or Veterinary services.

The type of collaboration will vary from one country to another, depending on the respective mandates, priorities, and human resources and logistics that can be made available by each partner.

What would be the best suited collaborative partners?

• Those with a high level of interest in the data that will be collected

• Those strongly committed to dedicate time and/or human resources for CP surveillance on a long-term basis     

• Those currently involved in public outreach activities and/or awareness campaigns

Since the CP surveillance program primarily relies on the collection of medical data (even if dealing with anonymized data), and requires the participation of health professionals as the main data providers, it is essential that Health Authorities be involved, somehow, in this process of identifying/establishing partnerships.

In some instances,  Health authorities just don’t have enough time or human resources to dedicate to the management of such a program. In this case, this work can be delegated to another entity within the frame of a task delegation agreement.

By way of example: in French Polynesia, the Research Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins of the Institut Louis Malardé (ILM) is in charge of collecting CP cases reports, processing these data and editing an annual report, and communicating with health professionals in the frame of an official agreement signed between the Public Health Directorate of French Polynesia and ILM.

NB: If available in your country, involving a research laboratory with a known expertise in ciguatera toxin detection could represent an added value, as this lab can help confirm a CP diagnosis, or carry out environmental or laboratory investigations in the context of a poisoning outbreak.

Once the partner(s) has(ve) been duly identified, it is imperative to:

• Clearly define the respective role(s)/tasks of each of the partners
• Agree on an appropriate communication circuit between partners

Here is an example of how tasks can be distributes within partners:

• Program supervisor(s): he will ensure the proper conduction of the different tasks and internal communication, organize regular meetings, contribute/validate reports and data communication at local/ regional and international levels, supervise CP awareness campaigns,…)

• Partner(s) responsible for CP data collection:  will provide the different materials and support for CP case reporting, is the focal point for data collection, will ensure the information and communication with health professionals and patients.

• Partner(s) responsible for data processing and alert system in case a CP outbreak or an unusual/atypical poisoning event occurs.

• Partner(s) responsible for editing the annual report and its dissemination at a local, regional and/or international level.

Whenever possible, it is recommended to formalize the established partnership and the task(s) assigned to each of the partners by way of an official agreement.

Depending on the collaborative entities and availability of Human resources assigned to the tasks, a single person can be in charge of several tasks or, conversely, each task can be managed by several different persons.

N.B.: As soon as the list of the different partners is reached, establish a mailing list of all partners involved in the management of the CP surveillance program.

• CP data are collected on a daily basis throughout the year, with likely seasonal fluctuations, thus requiring constant availability and regular data processing efforts, most notably during the peak of an outbreak.

• Countries who will use different media for data collection ( paper form, Excel table, etc), must ensure that all the documents (or phone calls) are centralized at the same address/ email/ phone contact.

• One essential role of the National CP Data Manager is 1/ to gather all collected data and 2/ feed these data onto the online platform so to build a unique, updated  database that will be useful to edit the CP annual report, or respond to specific information queries.

• This work can be done as the paper forms/emails/phone calls are received, on a daily or weekly basis.

• It is recommended to keep a scanned version of the paper forms, and store your data on a secured server with restricted access.

• A statistical analysis of the data can be performed once or twice a year, or more frequently in response to special queries from Health agencies or local authorities. This task may require involving  ad hoc personnel or additional human power.

Analysis of CP data  generally covers the following topics

• Total number of CP cases declared annually (for the whole country, or by archipelago, island or medical structures)

• Total number of CP cases declared monthly (to assess a potential seasonal trend in CP cases, or evaluate the potential impacts of climatic and/or anthropogenic disturbances on CP occurrence, such as cyclones, mass fish mortality events, coral bleaching episodes, etc.)

•Trends of CP cases number and I.R. over the years(I.R.= number of CP cases/10,000 inhab.).

• Number of isolated cases as opposed to collective poisonings / large disease clusters (i.e. when two or more consumers are involved in the same poisoning event)

•“TOP 10” of the marine products most frequently involved in CP poisonings (for the whole country, or by region, archipelago or island)

• Fatal cases vs. hospitalized cases vs. ambulatory cases (to assess the severity degree of CP cases)

• Patients’ CP history i.e. the number of previous ciguatera poisonings experienced by each patient (to assess the degree of chronic exposure of local populations to ciguatera toxins).

Managing CP data using the Ciguawatch Dashboard

The Dashboard Administration System of the Ciguawatch Platform allows direct modification of CP reports (e.g. in the frame of data verification and validation) .

Only the National CP Data Manager (NDM) is granted access to this space and can further modify/ delete outliers. oOnce connected, the NDM can select the CP reports of interest with the help of filters (for instance, CP data by years) .

After selecting a specific declaration form, the NDM have access to all the information provided by the patient and can modify them as necessary.

The overall management and statistical analysis of the whole datasets, e.g. prior to drafting the annual report, is achieved trough a table summarizing the raw data which can be downloaded from the Dashboard Administration System.

 Please contact us to be granted access to the Dashboard Administration System

• Once the national CP surveillance program is on the tracks, information and awareness campaigns should be initiated to inform/rise awareness among medical structures and basically anyone likely to be interested in participating to this program.

• This may require an official letter from Health authorities widely disseminated by e-mail or postal mail, or through information flyers, booklets and/or public meetings.

• Awareness campaigns could also be conducted in the form of side events at major medical, scientific, meetings/workshops, or through medical forums.

• The use of local media (TV, Radio, Newspapers, social media…) to reach the targeted audience could be another option.

• Provide all the supports available for CP data collection (link to the online reporting system, blank form (pdf), Excel table, etc) and let the audience choose their preferred reporting media, but clearly notify that there is no need to duplicate the same information on different supports.

• In the event reporting CP cases is mandatory in your country, provide the official decrees to the audience.

Below is a short video meant to encourage health care professionals and the general public from French Polynesia to declare  CP case ( available in French and Tahitian).

To ensure a sustainable CP surveillance program and encourage data collection especially among medical professionals, it is ESSENTIAL to show that all the efforts dedicatedto collect and share these data are of real use to the community.

• Whether the reporting of CP cases is mandatory or not in your country, it is important to keep in mind that the persons who provide CP data (mainly heath professionals), does it on a voluntary basis.

• Therefore, it is important to provide them with regular feedbacks on how their data are exploited.

• This also applies to the general public willing to declare their poisoning directly on the CIGUAWATCH online reporting system.

• To this end, you currently have two tools at your disposal:
• 1/ the CP Annual Reports
• 2/ the interactive Dashboard of the Ciguawatch platform.

CP ANNUAL REPORTS

Providing an annual CP report is usually sufficient. However, an intermediary report can prove necessary for instance in the event of a mass CP outbreak.

This report, based on the analyses of data collected during the past 12 months, is a valuable decision-making tool for local authorities with regards to CP risk management. This report should be transmitted in priority to Health Ministry/Public Health Directorate, hospitals/medical structures, Fisheries Agencies, as well as to all the participants who currently contribute to the surveillance program.

This report can also serve as a useful information support for the general public. It is therefore recommended, to make it widely available with the prior consent  of the due authorities.

This document should be concise, written in a comprehensible manner to reach a wide audience, and easy to share and print (e.g.with a limited number of pages, acceptable size file so it can be easily sent by email).

Here are some tips  for the statistical processing of data and editing of the CP annual report :

• First, make sure all the data collected during the past year from the different reporting media ( paper forms, Excel tables, e-mail exchanges, phone calls, etc.) have been integrated in the online reporting system.

• This database should be the sole source of  information used for CP data exploitation to avoid multiplying data sets from different origins.

• Only the NDM is granted access to this database and can download raw data set from the Ciguawatch server (please contact us if you are acting as the designated NDM in your country, to obtain your personal access code). 

Priori to the statistical analysis of your dataset, it is highly recommended to touch base with each (participating) medical structures (by phone or email), to ensure no reports are actually missing. This work, although time-consuming, can be useful as it provides an opportunity to (i) discuss potential areas for improvement in the reporting process or (ii) understand why some structures do not participate to the ongoing surveillance program.

Data presentation format

• Prefer graphics and figures to long text descriptions.

• Each time a species name is mentioned, it is recommended to provide both the scientific and local/common names along with a picture of fish specimens if available.

• Do not hesitate to call on a national/international CP expert, to assist you in drafting recommendations.

• Also consider translating the report  in local language(s) as the needs dictate.

CP report content

There is no need to populate the report with too many data.

Inform the audience on their possibility to obtain more specific and detailed information, on demand.

The main piece of information provided generally concerns:

• Annual trends of CP
• Monthly CP incidence rates
• Total number of cases and  CP events per island and archipelago
• Cp case distribution by age and sex
• The context of poisoning : isolated cases vs. collective poisoning vs. large disease clusters
• History of previous ciguatera vs first ciguatera poisoning
• Fish species or marine organisms involved
• Parts of the fish consumed
• List of symptoms
• Number of hospitalized cases
• Number of fatal cases

In any case, the content of this report must be defined beforehand with Health authorities and/or decision-makers.

N.B.: Over the years, the list of persons and organisms wishing to receive the annual report will likely increase. It is recommended to establish  a mailing list with contact details, to be updated on a regular basis.

Below an example of CP annual report published in French Polynesia.

CIGUAWATCH CP DASHBOARD

The Ciguawatch CP Dashboard was developed in order to provide an interactive and user-friendly  overview of the CP status within the Pacific region.

This tool is based on the automatized treatment of data entered onto the online reporting platform, thus offering an access to the most recent CP data available within the region.

This tool is a practical illustration of how the information shared by data providers can be quickly exploited and made available for the rest of the community. Indeed, once a CP report is validated, the information it contains are directly integrated and shown on the Dashboard’s interactive map and graphs.

If necessary, each NDM is given the possibility to modify outliers using the Dashboard Administration System.

Filters are available to facilitate specific searches.

Sharing the link to this Dashboard may be a good tool to incite medical professionals and the general public to actively participate to CP case reporting programs.

As more and more data are continuously entered onto the CIGUAWATCH online reporting system, the dashboard content will expand and gain in accuracy.

CONDUCTING REGULAR WORK MEETINGS AND FOLLOW-UP MEETINGS is essential to take stock of the progress made in data collection, and discuss about potential obstacles. It is KEY to ensure a sustainable surveillance program.

Managing Team work meetings

• At the start of the program, there may be need to meet 3 to 4 times a year.
• These meetings can be further spaced out to twice a year when the different partners get more and more familiar with all the process.
• These meetings can be conducted midyear or prior to the drafting of the annual report.
• In the event of an unusual/atypical or significant toxic incident, a special meeting may be held in order to:
  1. fully document the current situation,
  2. establish a communication plan intended at the general public in close partnership with Health authorities, if the needs dictate,
  3. alert all relevant audience, local mayors, fishermen community, etc
  4. set up field investigations and samplings as necessary.

Follow-up with medical professionals

The medical professionals are your main data providers. As a first step, it could be necessary to regularly touch base with them, by phone or email, and make sure they become familiar with the reporting system and get used to reporting every single CP cases of patients seen in consultation.

Also make sure they  know who to contact if they seek for information about the CP surveillance program.

All countries currently running a CP surveillance program are strongly invited to make their data available at regional and international levels.

• This effort is ESSENTIAL to assess the extent of ciguatera risk at a regional and global scale, especially in a context of global change.
• Moreover, providing such data can be an asset in the frame of international/European calls for proposal and/or funding requests.

Below are some examples of international database/scientific events

Tutorial for National CP data Managers